The US naturalization process allows lawful permanent residents to apply for US citizenship after meeting certain eligibility requirements. Applicants must have held a green card for a specific period, typically five years, or three years if married to a US citizen. Additional requirements include continuous residence, good moral character and passing English and civics tests.

A key part of the naturalization process is Form N-400, which must be submitted with supporting documents and fees. After filing, applicants attend a biometrics appointment for background checks. The final stages involve an interview, where an officer reviews the application and administers the citizenship test. If approved, the applicant attends the Oath of Allegiance ceremony, officially becoming a US citizen.

Citizenship applicants can face many challenges through the naturalization process; processing delays can result from missing documents, errors in the application or unresolved legal issues. Applicants may also face additional scrutiny during the interview, which could extend processing times. A history of criminal offenses, tax issues or immigration violations may lead to a denial.

The following guide provides an overview of the US naturalization process, and the steps you will need to take to become a citizen of the USA.

 

Steps in the US naturalization process

 

The US naturalization process can be summarised as follows:

 

Step	Process	Key Details
1. Determine Eligibility	Check if you meet the requirements for naturalization.	Must have a green card for 5 years (or 3 years if married to a US citizen), meet residency and moral character requirements, and pass English and civics tests.
2. File Form N-400	Submit the Application for Naturalization.	Complete Form N-400 online or by mail, pay the filing fee ($640plus $85 biometrics fee), and include required documents.
3. Attend Biometrics Appointment	Provide fingerprints, photo, and signature.	USCIS schedules an appointment to conduct background checks at a local Application Support Center (ASC).
4. Complete the Naturalization Interview	Meet with a USCIS officer for the citizenship test and application review.	Answer questions about your background, take the English and civics tests, and provide any requested documents.
5. Receive a Decision	USCIS notifies you of the outcome.	Possible decisions include approval, denial, or continuation (if additional documents or a retest is required).
6. Take the Oath of Allegiance	Attend a naturalization ceremony to become a US citizen.	After approval, applicants receive an invitation to the Oath Ceremony, where they pledge allegiance to the US and receive a Certificate of Naturalization.
7. Apply for a US Passport	Get a US passport and enjoy full citizenship rights.	New citizens can apply for a US passport, register to vote, and update Social Security records.

 

 

To make your application for US citizenship, you will first need to file Form N-400, Application for Naturalization, together with the relevant fee and documentation in support with USCIS.

You may need to attend a biometrics appointment to enrol your biometric information, ie; a scan of your fingerprints, a photograph of your face and a digital signature. You will also be invited for an interview where, unless you are exempt, you will be tested on your understanding of English, as well as your knowledge of US history and government.

The English test comprises of three parts: reading, writing and speaking. Your ability to speak and understand English will be determined by your interviewing officer based on your response to general questions asked during the course of your interview. You will also be required to read aloud 1 out of 3 sentences correctly to demonstrate an ability to read in English, and to write 1 out of 3 sentences correctly to demonstrate an ability to write in English.

You can still meet the English requirement even if you make some errors in pronunciation, spelling and grammar, or do not understand every word or phrase that you are questioned about.

Further, the USCIS should take into account your age, background and level of education when choosing subject matters, phrasing questions and evaluating your responses. This is known as “due consideration”.

In relation to the civics test, this comprises of 100 questions in total, although you will only be asked 10 of these during your naturalization interview. These questions will be put to you orally, and you must answer 6 out of the 10 to pass.

 

Step 1: US naturalization eligibility criteria

 

In accordance with the first step of the naturalization process, prior to submitting an application you should first check whether or not you are already a US citizen. Generally, people are born US citizens if they are born in the United States or if they are born abroad to US citizens. You may also derive US citizenship as a minor following the naturalization of one or both parents.

There are various general eligibility criteria that must also be satisfied when applying for naturalization. These include the following:

 

• You must be at least 18 years old at the time of filing your application for naturalization.
• You must have continuously and physically lived in the United States as a green card holder for a certain number of years, although this can vary depending on your eligibility to become a US citizen. For spouses it’s 3 years, while for other categories it’s typically 5 years.
• You must have established residency in the state or US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) district where you intend to apply, typically 3 months prior to the date of filing your application.
• You must be able to read, write and speak basic English.
• You must be able to demonstrate a basic understanding of US history and government, otherwise known as civics.
• You must be a person of good moral character.
• You must demonstrate an attachment to the principles and ideals of the US Constitution.

 

There are additional, specific criteria you must meet depending on the basis of your application for naturalization, for example, where you are applying as a spouse of a US citizen you must have been a lawful permanent resident, ie; a green card holder, for at least 3 years immediately preceding the date of your application and have been living in marital union with your spouse throughout that time.

 

Step 2: Complete & file Form N400

 

Form N-400, Application for Naturalization, is the official document that lawful permanent residents use to apply for US citizenship. It is processed by US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) and requires applicants to provide personal details, immigration history, and background information. Submitting a complete and accurate N-400 form is essential for moving forward in the naturalization process.

To qualify, an applicant must meet eligibility requirements, including a specific period of continuous residence in the US, good moral character, and the ability to pass English and civics tests. The form asks about residency, employment history, travel outside the US, marital status, and any legal issues that may affect eligibility. The application must be submitted with supporting documents and the required fee.

 

Step 3: Attend biometrics appointment

 

After filing Form N-400, you will need to attend a biometrics appointment at an Application Support Center (ASC). The purpose is to collect fingerprints, a photograph, and a signature for background checks conducted by the FBI and other agencies. These checks help confirm that the applicant meets the good moral character requirement and does not have disqualifying criminal records or immigration violations.

Appointment notices are typically sent within a few weeks after USCIS receives the N-400 application. The notice includes the date, time, and location of the ASC where the applicant must appear. On the scheduled day, it is important to bring the appointment notice, a valid green card, and any other requested identification. The process is usually quick, often taking less than 30 minutes.

If you cannot attend on the assigned date, a request for rescheduling can be submitted, though this may delay processing. Once biometrics are taken, the next step is waiting for USCIS to schedule the naturalization interview.

 

Step 4: Attend US citizenship interview

 

The US citizenship interview is used by USCIS to review the application, verify eligibility and administer the naturalization test.

Applicants receive an interview notice after completing the biometrics appointment. The notice provides the date, time, and location of the interview, which is usually held at a USCIS field office. On the scheduled day, you will need to bring your green card, appointment notice, passport (if applicable) and any requested documents.

During the interview, the USCIS officer will ask questions about the information provided in the N-400 application, including residency, employment, travel history and moral character. Any inconsistencies or missing details may lead to additional questioning. The officer will then administer the English and civics tests, unless the applicant qualifies for an exemption.

If the interview is successful, the officer may approve the application immediately or request further documentation. Some cases require additional review before a decision is made. If approved, the applicant is scheduled for the Oath of Allegiance ceremony, the final step in becoming a US citizen.

 

US naturalization test 

 

Applicants for naturalization will in most cases also have to demonstrate an understanding of the English language, including an ability to read, write, and speak words in ordinary usage. They must also demonstrate a knowledge and understanding of the fundamentals of the history and principles, and form of government, of the United States. Together, these are known as the English and civics requirements.

You will be given two opportunities to pass the English and civics tests per naturalization application. As such, if you fail first time round you will be re-interviewed to take the test again between 60 and 90 days from the date of your initial interview. However, on re-examination, you will only be retested on those areas that you previously failed.

If you fail after two attempts, your application for naturalization will be denied and you will be given what’s known as a “denial notice”. Further, any failure to appear at the re-examination for testing, unless officially excused, counts as a failed attempt to pass the tests.

You may be exempt from the English and/or civics requirements depending on your age and time spent in the US. The exemptions include the following:

 

• If you are age 50 or older and have resided in the US as a lawful permanent resident for at least 20 years at the time of filing your application you will be exempt from the English requirement, but will still need to take the civics test. You may, however, take this test in your language of choice using an interpreter.
• If you are aged 55 or older and have resided in the US as a lawful permanent resident for at least 15 years at the time of filing, you will again be exempt from the English requirement, but still required to take the civics test.
• If you are aged 65 or older and have resided in the US as a lawful permanent resident for at least 20 years at the time of filing, you will be exempt from the English requirement, and you will be given special consideration in respect of the civics test. As such, you will still be required to take the test but this will be based on a specially designated test form and in the language of your choice.

 

You may also be exempt from the English or civics requirement, or even both, because of physical or developmental disability or mental impairment that has lasted, or is expected to last, 12 months or more.

Where applicable, you must file Form N-648, Medical Certification for Disability Exceptions. Further, a licensed medical professional must certify on that form that your medical condition prevents you from meeting the English requirement, the civics requirement, or both.

In the event that you can satisfy these requirements for naturalization with reasonable accommodations provide, you will not be eligible for a waiver. Reasonable accommodations include, but are not limited to, sign language interpreters, as well as extended time for testing and off-site testing.

Illiteracy alone is not a valid reason to seek an exception to the English and civics requirements. In addition, advanced age, in and of itself, is not a medically determinable physical or developmental disability or mental impairment.

 

Step 5: Decision

 

After your US citizenship interview, a USCIS officer may provide an immediate verbal decision or issue a written Form N-652, Notice of Examination Results. If the application is approved, the next step is the Oath of Allegiance ceremony, where the applicant officially becomes a US citizen. An approval letter with ceremony details is typically mailed later.

If a decision cannot be made immediately, the application may be placed under additional review. This happens when more information or further background checks are needed. USCIS will notify the applicant of any required steps, such as submitting additional documents.

If the application is denied, the decision letter explains the reasons for rejection. Applicants have the right to appeal or reapply, depending on the circumstances. Reviewing the notice carefully and following any instructions provided by USCIS ensures that applicants understand their status and the next steps in the naturalization process.

 

Step 6: Take the Oath of Allegiance

 

The Oath of Allegiance is the final step in the US naturalization process when citizenship applicants pledge loyalty to the United States and officially become US citizens.

The event typically includes a presentation about citizenship rights and responsibilities, followed by the formal oath. The Oath of Allegiance includes a pledge to support the US Constitution, renounce allegiance to other nations, and serve the country when required by law.

During the ceremony, you will also return your green card and receive your Certificate of Naturalization.

After taking the Oath of Allegiance, you officially become a US citizen. The Certificate of Naturalization serves as proof of citizenship and should be kept safe. Attending the naturalization ceremony marks the completion of the process and grants full rights and responsibilities as a citizen of the United States.

 

Step 7: Apply for US passport

 

New US citizens can immediately apply for a US passport, register to vote, and update records with government agencies.

 

Need assistance?

 

The US naturalization process is complex, requiring an understanding of the eligibility criteria and the steps to follow to progress your application in accordance with the rules.

NNU Immigration are specialist immigration attorneys helping individuals with all aspects of their US naturalization applications.

If you have a specific question on naturalization, please contact us for advice.

 

US naturalization process FAQs

 

What is naturalization?

Naturalization is the process by which a lawful permanent resident becomes a citizen of the US It requires meeting residency, language, and civics knowledge requirements.

 

Who is eligible to apply for naturalization?

A lawful permanent resident with at least five years of residency or three years if married to a US citizen may apply Other requirements include good moral character and continuous residence.

 

How do I start the naturalization process?

The process begins by filing Form N-400 with US Citizenship and Immigration Services along with the required documents and application fee.

 

Do I need to take an English and civics test?

Most applicants must pass an English language test and a civics test covering US history and government Some exemptions apply based on age and disability.

 

What happens at the naturalization interview?

A USCIS officer reviews the application, asks questions about the applicant’s background, and administers the English and civics tests.

 

How long does the naturalization process take?

Processing times vary but typically range from six months to over a year depending on the location and case backlog.

 

What is the Oath of Allegiance?

The Oath of Allegiance is a required ceremony where applicants pledge loyalty to the US After taking the oath they officially become US citizens.

 

Can I travel while my naturalization application is pending?

Yes but applicants must maintain continuous residence and be available for biometrics appointments and the interview Extended travel may impact eligibility.

 

Can I apply for naturalization if I have a criminal record?

It depends on the nature of the offense Certain crimes can lead to denial or even deportation Consulting an immigration attorney is recommended.

 

What happens if my naturalization application is denied?

Applicants can request a review of the decision or reapply in the future after addressing the reasons for denial.

 

What are the benefits of US citizenship?

Citizenship grants the right to vote, a US passport, eligibility for government jobs, and protection from deportation.

 

Glossary

 

 

Term	Definition
Naturalization	The legal process by which a lawful permanent resident becomes a citizen of the US.
Lawful Permanent Resident (LPR)	A noncitizen who has been granted authorization to live and work in the US indefinitely, also known as a green card holder.
Form N-400	The application form required to apply for naturalization in the US.
Biometrics Appointment	A required step in the naturalization process where applicants provide fingerprints, photographs, and signatures for background checks.
USCIS (US Citizenship and Immigration Services)	The government agency responsible for processing immigration and naturalization applications.
Civics Test	A test covering US history and government that applicants must pass as part of the naturalization interview.
English Language Test	A test assessing an applicant’s ability to read, write, and speak English as part of the naturalization process.
Oath of Allegiance	A ceremony where successful applicants swear loyalty to the US, completing the naturalization process.
Certificate of Naturalization	The official document proving that a person has become a US citizen through naturalization.
Continuous Residence	A requirement for naturalization that states an applicant must have lived in the US for a certain number of years without extended trips abroad.
Physical Presence	The actual time an applicant has spent inside the US, which must meet the required minimum days for naturalization eligibility.
Good Moral Character	A requirement for naturalization that evaluates an applicant’s conduct, including criminal history and adherence to US laws.
Denial of Naturalization	A decision by USCIS rejecting an application due to failure to meet eligibility requirements, incorrect information, or other factors.
US Passport	A travel document issued to US citizens, allowing them to travel internationally and proving citizenship.
Dual Citizenship	A status where an individual is a citizen of two countries, which the US generally allows unless the other country requires renunciation.
Expedited Naturalization	A faster process for certain applicants, such as spouses of US citizens working abroad or members of the military.
Request for Evidence (RFE)	A notice from USCIS requesting additional documents or information to process a naturalization application.
Visa Waiver Program (VWP)	A program that allows citizens of certain countries to travel to the US for tourism or business without a visa but does not provide a path to naturalization.
Priority Date	The date USCIS receives a green card application, which affects waiting times for applicants seeking permanent residency before naturalization.