Planning a trip to the US isn’t quite as straightforward as it used to be. The rules have shifted in recent years, and travelers now face a mix of digital processes, tighter scrutiny at the border and new expectations around visas and travel documents.

For many, an approved ESTA is enough to breeze through US immigration. For others, a visitor visa is a must – for which the paperwork isn’t always light.

The key is knowing exactly what applies to you before you book the flight.

From entry limits and customs checks to mobile coverage and tipping culture, this guide breaks down the practical details you need to travel with confidence and avoid surprises at the airport.

 

Section A: Do I Need a Visa to Travel to the USA?

 

Whether you need a visa to enter the United States depends on your nationality, the purpose of your trip and how long you plan to stay. Some travelers can enter the US without a visa under the Visa Waiver Program (VWP), while others must apply for a visa in advance. You will therefore need to determine the appropriate option for your circumstances, and then make the relevant application to secure the required permission to travel to the USA.

 

1. Visa-Free Travel Under the Visa Waiver Program

 

The Visa Waiver Program allows citizens of certain countries to travel to the United States for tourism or business for up to 90 days without obtaining a visa. Instead, eligible travelers must apply for authorization through the Electronic System for Travel Authorization (ESTA) before boarding their flight or vessel. ESTA is a digital screening system that determines whether you’re approved to enter the country under the VWP. It’s valid for two years or until your passport expires, whichever comes first, and can be used for multiple short visits. Travelers must hold a passport that meets US security requirements and must not have previously overstayed a US visa or ESTA entry.

If your plans involve study, paid work, or a stay longer than 90 days, you will not qualify for visa-free travel and must apply for the appropriate visa instead.

Read more about the Visa Waiver Program here >> 

 

2. Who Needs a Visa to Visit the United States?

 

Travelers who are not eligible for the Visa Waiver Program, or who plan to visit the United States for reasons not covered by it, will need to apply for a visa. This could includes individuals from non-VWP countries, people who have traveled to Cuba since January 2021, those who have previously overstayed or violated US immigration rules and those with certain criminal records. Visitors planning to study, work, get married or immigrate must apply for a specific visa type that reflects their intent.

Visa applications are handled by US embassies and consulates. Applicants typically complete an online form (DS-160), pay a visa fee and attend an interview. Wait times for appointments and decisions can vary depending on your location and the time of year, so early planning is important.

 

3. Types of Visitor Visas

 

The most common types of nonimmigrant (ie temporary) visas for short visits are the B-1, B-2, and C visas.

The B-2 visa is for tourists visiting the US for leisure, vacations, visiting family or friends or receiving medical treatment. It allows for stays of up to six months, with the option to request an extension in certain cases.

The B-1 visa is used for short-term business purposes, such as attending meetings, conferences or negotiating contracts. It does not permit paid employment or long-term professional activity in the US, but it does allow travelers to engage in legitimate business-related activities.

The C visa is a transit visa for travelers passing through the United States on their way to another country. This visa will be necessary if you have a layover in the US but are not eligible for ESTA or do not hold a passport that qualifies for the Visa Waiver Program.

 

Visa Type	Purpose	Length of Stay
ESTA	Tourism or short business visits under the Visa Waiver Program	Up to 90 days
B-1 Visa	Business activities such as attending meetings or conferences	Up to 6 months (can be extended)
B-2 Visa	Tourism, visiting friends or family, or medical treatment	Up to 6 months (can be extended)
C Visa	Transit through the US en route to another country	Short-term, typically a few days

 

 

 

Section B: What Is ESTA?

 

ESTA stands for the Electronic System for Travel Authorization. It is an online screening tool used by US Customs and Border Protection to assess travelers before they board a flight or ship bound for the United States under the Visa Waiver Program.

ESTA is not a visa but a required pre-authorization for eligible nationals who plan to visit the US for tourism, business, medical reasons or short transits.

1. Who Is Eligible for ESTA?

 

To apply for ESTA, you must be a citizen of one of the countries that participate in the Visa Waiver Program. You must also hold a biometric passport valid for the duration of your stay. ESTA is only available for short visits of 90 days or less, and your purpose of travel must fall under tourism, certain business activities, or transit. Travelers who have been denied entry to the U.S. in the past, have overstayed a visa, or have a serious criminal history may not be approved for ESTA and should apply for a visa instead.

You cannot use ESTA for study, employment, or any activity that requires a different visa classification. If your circumstances or plans go beyond the scope of short-term travel, a formal visa application is necessary.

 

2. How to Apply and What It Costs

 

The ESTA application process is entirely online. You apply through the official U.S. government website by filling out a detailed form with personal, passport, and travel information. The system will also ask about your eligibility, such as your health history, prior travel to certain countries, and any previous immigration issues.

After completing the form, you pay a processing fee of $21 USD per application. Payment must be made by credit or debit card. Most applicants receive a decision within minutes, although in some cases it can take up to 72 hours.

Once approved, your ESTA authorization is electronically linked to your passport. You will not receive a paper document, but airlines and border officials can verify it digitally at check-in and upon arrival.

 

3. Validity Period

 

An approved ESTA is valid for two years from the date of issue, or until your passport expires—whichever comes first. During that period, you may enter the United States multiple times without reapplying, provided each visit is for 90 days or fewer and your reason for travel remains consistent with the terms of the Visa Waiver Program.

It is important to remember that approval through ESTA does not guarantee entry. A US Customs and Border Protection officer at the port of entry will make the final determination based on your documentation and responses during inspection. However, having a valid ESTA allows you to board your carrier and seek entry on arrival, without needing a visa for short-term visits.

 

ESTA Requirement	Details
Eligibility	Citizens of Visa Waiver Program countries
Application Cost	$21 per person (as of 2025)
Validity Period	2 years or until passport expires, whichever comes first
Number of Entries	Multiple entries allowed during validity
Maximum Stay Per Visit	90 days

 

Section C: Entry requirements

 

When planning a trip to the United States, there are entry requirements you will need to be aware of to avoid issues when boarding your flight and on your arrival.

 

1. Passport Validity

 

Travelers must hold a passport valid for the duration of their intended stay in the United States. While the US generally requires passports to be valid for the length of the stay, some countries are part of agreements that waive the six-month validity rule. However, it’s advisable to check specific requirements based on your nationality before traveling.

 

2. Return or Onward Ticket Requirement

 

Upon arrival, US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officers may request proof of a return or onward journey. Officers will be looking for evidence demonstrating that you intend to leave the United States within the permitted time frame. Acceptable proof includes a return airline ticket or a ticket to another destination beyond the US. Failure to provide such documentation could result in denial of entry.

 

3. Traveling with Children and Family

 

Each child, regardless of age, must have their own passport to enter the United States. If a child is traveling with only one parent or with someone who is not their parent or legal guardian, a notarized consent letter from the non-traveling parent(s) or guardian(s) is recommended. The letter should state that the child has permission to travel and should include contact information for the non-traveling parent(s) or guardian(s).

 

4. Immigration and Customs Procedures on Arrival

 

Upon arrival in the United States, travelers will undergo inspection by CBP officers. This process usually involves verifying travel documents, collecting biometric data (such as fingerprints and photographs) and answering questions about the purpose of the visit.

Travelers should therefore be prepared to present their passport, visa or ESTA authorization, and any supporting documents that explain the nature of their trip.

CBP officers have the authority to grant or deny entry based on the information provided during this inspection.

 

Section D: What You Can and Can’t Bring to the USA

 

CBP enforces regulations that help protect public health, safety, agriculture and the economy. Travelers entering the United States are therefore tsubject to strict rules on what they are allowed to bring with them. Knowing what items are banned, restricted or require declaration can prevent delays at the border and help avoid fines or confiscation.

 

 

Category	Examples of Items	Rules
Food	Fresh fruit, meat, dairy products	Most are banned unless declared and permitted
Medication	Prescription drugs, over-the-counter medication	Must be declared; carry in original packaging with prescription if applicable
Cash	Amounts over $10,000	Must be declared on arrival and departure
Gifts and Goods	Electronics, souvenirs	Subject to duty if exceeding exemption limits

 

 

1. Banned and Restricted Items

 

Some items are prohibited entirely, while others may be allowed in limited quantities or under specific conditions. Fresh fruits and vegetables, meat, poultry and other agricultural products are heavily restricted because they can carry pests or diseases that could harm US crops or livestock. Most homemade food items are also not allowed, and commercially packaged goods are only permitted if they meet strict guidelines.

Certain medications are also subject to regulation. Travelers may bring prescription drugs, but they should be carried in their original packaging and accompanied by a copy of the prescription or a doctor’s note.

Controlled substances, including narcotics and certain types of painkillers, are not allowed without special approval, even with a prescription. Over-the-counter medicines should also be declared, especially if they contain ingredients that are restricted in the US.

Weapons, firearms and ammunition require advance authorization and the correct permits. Travelers should check with CBP before attempting to bring such items into the country. Other restricted goods include cultural artifacts, counterfeit goods and items made from endangered species.

There are also rules about how much cash or monetary instruments travelers can bring. While there is no arbitrary limit, amounts of $10,000 or more must be declared upon arrival. Failure to declare can result in the money being seized and additional legal consequences.

 

2. Declaration Requirements at the Border

 

Every traveler entering the US must complete a customs declaration, either electronically (for example, through the CBP Mobile Passport app or APC kiosks) or using a paper form provided by the airline. The declaration asks about items you’re carrying, including food, plants, alcohol, tobacco, currency and gifts. Even if you’re unsure whether something must be declared, it’s safer to declare it. CBP officers will advise whether the item is permitted or needs to be surrendered.

Failure to declare prohibited or restricted items can lead to fines, confiscation, and delays in entering the country. Border officials may inspect luggage and ask questions about your declared items. Travelers who are cooperative and honest during this process tend to face fewer complications.

 

Section E: Tips for Traveling to the USA

 

While you’re in the USA, you’ll find that understanding everyday practicalities can make your trip more enjoyable. From how to pay for goods and services to staying connected and getting around, a little preparation goes a long way.

 

1. Currency and Tipping Culture

 

The United States uses the US dollar (USD), and most businesses accept credit and debit cards. It’s a good idea to carry some cash, especially for smaller purchases or in areas where card machines are less common. ATMs are widely available, though your home bank may charge fees for international withdrawals.

Tipping is an expected part of service culture in the US and forms a significant part of income for many workers. In restaurants, a tip of 15% to 20% of the total bill is standard. Hotel staff, taxi drivers, hairdressers and tour guides also typically expect tips. Failing to tip may be considered rude or disrespectful.

 

2. Mobile Roaming and WiFi

 

International roaming charges can be expensive in the US. Travelers should check with their mobile provider before departure to see if roaming packages are available. Another option is to buy a prepaid SIM card or an eSIM from a US carrier upon arrival. Most cities and tourist areas offer widespread access to public WiFi, often free in cafes, hotels and shopping centers. Always use caution when connecting to public networks by avoiding sensitive transactions unless using a secure connection or VPN.

 

3. Driving and Transport Options

 

Driving in the US is generally straightforward, especially in suburban or rural areas where public transport is limited. A valid foreign driver’s license is typically accepted for short visits, but some states may require an International Driving Permit as well. Roads are clearly marked, and car rental is easy to arrange with a major credit card and valid ID.

In cities, public transport options vary. Larger cities like New York, Washington, D.C., and Chicago have reliable subways and buses. Ride-sharing services such as Uber and Lyft are available in most urban areas. If you plan to rely on public transit, researching local systems in advance will help with route planning and payment methods.

 

4. Local Laws and Etiquette

 

Laws can differ between states, so travelers should not assume uniform rules nationwide. Alcohol consumption, for example, is generally legal from age 21, and open containers are banned in many public areas. Smoking restrictions are widespread, including in outdoor public spaces and near building entrances.

In terms of etiquette, Americans are usually informal and friendly. Politeness, such as saying “please” and “thank you,” is expected, and personal space is respected. Queuing in line, or “waiting your turn,” is taken seriously and jumping ahead can cause offense.

 

Section F: How Long Can I Stay in the USA?

 

Travelers to the United States must follow strict rules about how long they can remain in the country, depending on the type of entry they have. Whether arriving under the Visa Waiver Program with an approved ESTA or with a standard visitor visa, there are limits to the permitted stay. Overstaying can carry serious immigration consequences, so it’s important to understand the rules that apply to your situation.

 

1. Stay Limits Under ESTA and Visitor Visas

 

If you are traveling under the Visa Waiver Program using an approved ESTA, you are permitted to stay in the United States for up to 90 days. This includes time spent in Mexico, Canada and adjacent islands if travel to these places occurs during the same trip. The 90-day clock does not reset by briefly leaving the country and returning.

Those entering the US on a B-2 tourist visa, or a B-1 business visa, are typically granted permission to stay for up to six months. The exact period of stay is determined by the US Customs and Border Protection officer at the port of entry and is marked on your I-94 travel record. In some cases, a shorter period may be granted based on the purpose of your visit.

 

2. Extending Your Stay or Changing Visa Status

 

If you entered with a B-1 or B-2 visa and need more time in the US, you may apply to extend your stay by submitting Form I-539 (Application to Extend/Change Nonimmigrant Status) to USCIS before your current stay expires. An extension is not guaranteed and depends on factors such as your reasons for the request, your financial means, and your compliance with US immigration laws so far.

ESTA holders are not eligible to extend their stay. The 90-day limit is fixed, and no extension is allowed. Attempting to remain beyond the allowed period under ESTA could affect future travel to the US, including visa eligibility.

It is also possible in some situations to apply for a change of visa status while in the United States. For example, if you entered as a tourist and later decide to enroll in a course of study, you may apply to switch to an F-1 student visa. These applications must also be submitted to USCIS and are subject to approval based on eligibility criteria.

Travelers should always monitor their I-94 expiration date and take action well before it expires if they plan to remain longer under an eligible category.

 

Section G: What Happens If You’re Refused Entry?

 

Even if you have a valid visa or approved ESTA, entry into the United States is not guaranteed. CBP officers at the port of entry have the authority to deny entry if they believe a traveler does not meet the conditions for admission.

 

1. Common Reasons for Refusal

 

Refusal of entry usually stems from concerns about the traveler’s intentions or eligibility. A common reason is suspicion that someone entering on a tourist visa or ESTA intends to work, study, or stay permanently without proper authorization. Officers may ask detailed questions about your travel plans, accommodation, return ticket, and finances. If the answers raise concerns, the officer may conclude that you are not a genuine visitor.

Another frequent cause is incomplete or inaccurate information on your visa or ESTA application. Inconsistencies between your application and your responses at the border can result in refusal. Travelers with a history of overstaying a previous visa, breaking U.S. immigration rules, or having a criminal record may also be turned away.

Sometimes, travelers are refused entry because they fail to satisfy basic requirements, such as holding a return or onward ticket, having adequate funds, or being unable to explain the purpose of their visit clearly.

 

2. What to Do If You Are Denied at the Border

 

If you are refused entry, a CBP officer will explain the reason and issue a formal record of refusal, usually on Form I-275. In most cases, you will be required to return to your home country on the next available flight. You may be held temporarily in a secondary inspection area while arrangements are made.

You will not be allowed to enter the US on that occasion, and depending on the reason for denial, you may be barred from using the Visa Waiver Program in the future. If the refusal was due to a minor issue or misunderstanding, you may be able to apply for a visa at a US consulate and reattempt entry with stronger supporting evidence.

Legal advice can be helpful if you believe the refusal was unjustified or want to understand your future options. Keep all paperwork issued by CBP, as it may be needed in future visa applications.

Denial of entry does not automatically result in a permanent ban, but repeat offenses or misrepresentation can lead to more serious consequences.

 

Section H: Need assistance?

For specialist guidance on your immigration and visa options to travel to the US, contact our US attorneys.

 

Section I: Travel to USA FAQs

 

Do I need a visa to travel to the US?

Most travelers from Visa Waiver Program countries can visit the US for up to 90 days without a visa if they have an approved ESTA. Others will need to apply for a visa based on the purpose of their trip.

 

What is an ESTA?

ESTA stands for Electronic System for Travel Authorization. It allows eligible travelers from certain countries to enter the US without a visa for short stays.

 

How long can I stay in the US with a visitor visa?

A B-2 visitor visa generally allows you to stay for up to six months. The exact duration is determined by a US Customs and Border Protection officer on arrival.

 

Can I extend my stay in the US?

Holders of B-1 or B-2 visas may apply to extend their stay by filing Form I-539 with USCIS. ESTA travelers are not eligible for extensions.

 

What happens if I overstay my visa or ESTA?

Overstaying can lead to removal proceedings and may impact future eligibility for US visas or visa-free travel under ESTA.

 

Do children need separate ESTAs or visas?

All travelers, including infants and children, need their own approved ESTA or visa to enter the US.

 

Can I work in the US on a tourist visa or ESTA?

Employment is not allowed under either ESTA or a B-2 visitor visa. Doing so may result in removal and future travel bans.

 

What should I declare when arriving in the US?

You must declare items such as food, alcohol, tobacco, large sums of cash, and any goods for resale. It is always safer to declare if unsure.

 

What documents do I need to enter the US?

You will need a valid passport, a visa or ESTA approval, and sometimes proof of return travel or financial means depending on your entry type.

 

Can I be denied entry even with a valid visa or ESTA?

US border officials make the final decision on entry. If they believe you do not meet the conditions of your visa or ESTA, they can deny admission.

 

Section J: Glossary

 

Term	Definition
ESTA	Electronic System for Travel Authorization. Allows citizens of Visa Waiver Program countries to enter the US for tourism or business for up to 90 days without a visa.
Visa Waiver Program	A program that permits nationals of certain countries to travel to the US for tourism or business without obtaining a visa, provided they have an approved ESTA.
B-1 Visa	A nonimmigrant visa for individuals traveling to the US temporarily for business purposes.
B-2 Visa	A nonimmigrant visa for individuals traveling to the US temporarily for tourism, vacation, or medical treatment.
CBP	US Customs and Border Protection. The agency responsible for border control and making final decisions on entry into the US.
Form I-94	An official record of a noncitizen’s arrival and departure, which includes the date by which they must leave the US.
Form I-539	The application form used to request an extension of stay or change of nonimmigrant status while in the US.
I-275	A form used by US Customs and Border Protection to document the voluntary withdrawal of an applicant who has been denied entry.
Visa Overstay	Remaining in the US beyond the expiration date of your authorized stay as noted on the I-94 record, which may lead to future entry bans.
USCIS	US Citizenship and Immigration Services. The agency that processes visa extensions, change of status requests, and other immigration services.